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tfeb-gfp plasmid (Addgene inc)

Name: tfeb-gfp plasmid
Brand: Addgene inc
Rating: 90 (1 reviews)

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Addgene inc tfeb-gfp plasmid
Tfeb Gfp Plasmid, supplied by Addgene inc, used in various techniques. Bioz Stars score: 90/100, based on 1 PubMed citations. ZERO BIAS - scores, article reviews, protocol conditions and more
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a Western blot showing elevated p-TFEB (S211) and p-TFE3 (S321) levels along with decreased levels of lysosomal hydrolases CTSD and CTSL in CFH(H/H) cells relative to CFH (Y/Y) cells. n (biological replicate) = 3. b , c Colorimetric analysis revealed significant downregulation of activities of both CTSD and CTSL in iPSC-derived RPE cells from CFH Y402H risk allele [ CFH (H/H)] containing donors, relative to controls. n (biological replicate) = 3. d Western blot analysis showing elevated levels of p-Akt2 (S474), p-TFE3 (S321), and p-TFEB (S211) and e downregulation of CTSD and CTSL in RPE lysates from human AMD donors, compared to age-matched controls. n (biological replicate) = 3. f , g RPE lysates from human AMD donors also showed significant downregulation of both CTSD and CTSL activities, compared to controls. n (biological replicate) = 3. All values are Mean ± S.D. ****P < 0.0001, ***P < 0.001, **P < 0.01, *P < 0.05. The statistical test used in ( a – g ) is Student’s t-test (Two-sided). The ex a ct p-values are a CTSL: P = 0.0422, CTSD: P = 0.00028274, p-TFEB (S211): P = 0.0498, p-TFE3 (S321): P = 0.0142 ( CFH (H/H) vs CFH (Y/Y)); b P = 0.0419 ( CFH (H/H) vs CFH (Y/Y)); c P = 8.585E-05 ( CFH (H/H) vs CFH (Y/Y)); d p-TFE3 (S321): P = 0.0488, p-TFEB (S211): P = 0.0041, p-AKT2 (S474): AKT2: P = 0.0491 (AMD vs Control); e CTSL: P = 0.0175, CTSD: P = 0.0173 (AMD vs Control); f P = 0.042 (AMD vs Control); g P = 7.824E-05 (AMD vs Control). Source Data is provided in the Source Data file.

Journal: Nature Communications

Article Title: The AKT2/SIRT5/TFEB pathway as a potential therapeutic target in non-neovascular AMD

doi: 10.1038/s41467-024-50500-z

Figure Lengend Snippet: a Western blot showing elevated p-TFEB (S211) and p-TFE3 (S321) levels along with decreased levels of lysosomal hydrolases CTSD and CTSL in CFH(H/H) cells relative to CFH (Y/Y) cells. n (biological replicate) = 3. b , c Colorimetric analysis revealed significant downregulation of activities of both CTSD and CTSL in iPSC-derived RPE cells from CFH Y402H risk allele [ CFH (H/H)] containing donors, relative to controls. n (biological replicate) = 3. d Western blot analysis showing elevated levels of p-Akt2 (S474), p-TFE3 (S321), and p-TFEB (S211) and e downregulation of CTSD and CTSL in RPE lysates from human AMD donors, compared to age-matched controls. n (biological replicate) = 3. f , g RPE lysates from human AMD donors also showed significant downregulation of both CTSD and CTSL activities, compared to controls. n (biological replicate) = 3. All values are Mean ± S.D. ****P < 0.0001, ***P < 0.001, **P < 0.01, *P < 0.05. The statistical test used in ( a – g ) is Student’s t-test (Two-sided). The ex a ct p-values are a CTSL: P = 0.0422, CTSD: P = 0.00028274, p-TFEB (S211): P = 0.0498, p-TFE3 (S321): P = 0.0142 ( CFH (H/H) vs CFH (Y/Y)); b P = 0.0419 ( CFH (H/H) vs CFH (Y/Y)); c P = 8.585E-05 ( CFH (H/H) vs CFH (Y/Y)); d p-TFE3 (S321): P = 0.0488, p-TFEB (S211): P = 0.0041, p-AKT2 (S474): AKT2: P = 0.0491 (AMD vs Control); e CTSL: P = 0.0175, CTSD: P = 0.0173 (AMD vs Control); f P = 0.042 (AMD vs Control); g P = 7.824E-05 (AMD vs Control). Source Data is provided in the Source Data file.

Article Snippet: The primary antibodies AKT2 (3063S), p-AKT2 (8599S), SIRT5 (8782S), CTSD (69854S), ULK1 (8054T), FKBP51 (8245S), p-TFEB (37681S), and GFP (2555S) were purchased from Cell Signaling Technology.

Techniques: Western Blot, Derivative Assay, Control

a A hypothetical heterodimer of human AKT2/SIRT5 suggests a potential protein–protein interaction between these proteins. The ribbon structures of AKT2 and SIRT5 are colored orange and cyan, respectively. Residues related to the AKT2 and SIRT5 active sites are shown in yellow. The model suggests that both proteins have active sites with potential exposure to substrates and ligands, indicating that the AKT2/SIRT5 complex is catalytically active. b Co-immunoprecipitation study showing that SIRT5 and AKT2 are binding partners in SIRT5-HA-pcDNA and AKT2-GFP-pcDNA overexpressing ARPE19 cells, compared to untransfected controls upon pulldown with anti-IgG or anti-HA antibodies, respectively. n = 3. c Pulldown of AKT2 with anti-AKT2 antibody and subsequent incubation of the pulldown complex with TFEB (recombinant; rec) in vitro to evaluate phosphorylation of TFEB using the phospho-tag gel staining, showed increased p-TFEB/total TFEB in AKT2 overexpressing ARPE19 cells, compared to control. This TFEB phosphorylation was reduced when cells were overexpressing both AKT2 and SIRT5 or the AKT2 pull-down complex was incubated with an AKT2 inhibitor, indicating SIRT5 can modulate AKT2 activity and that AKT2 activity is critical in regulating TFEB phosphorylation. n (biological replicate) = 3. d Western blot showing that simultaneous transfection of AKT2 and SIRT5 pcDNAs could rescue the levels of p-TFEB (S211) in ARPE19 cells, relative to cells overexpressing only AKT2. AKT2 and SIRT5 overexpression in the ARPE19 cells was also confirmed by western blot. n (biological replicate) = 3. Western blot analysis showing reduced expression of SIRT5 and PGC-1α in RPE cells from e Akt2 KI, f PGC-1 α KO, and g Sirt5 KO mice, as well as h iPSC-derived RPE cells from CFH (H/H) donors, compared to controls. n = 4 (mice) and n = 3 (iPSC cells). All values are Mean ± S.D. ****P < 0.0001, ***P < 0.001, **P < 0.01, *P < 0.05. The statistical tests used in ( c and d ) is One-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s post-hoc test whereas in ( e – h ) is Student’s t-test (Two-sided). The exact p-values are c P = 0.00002 (AKT2-pcDNA vs IgG), P = 0.0001 (AKT2-pcDNA+SIRT5-HA-pcDNA vs AKT2-pcDNA), P = 0.0462 (AKT2-pcDNA+ AKT2 inhibitor vs AKT2-pcDNA); d P = 0.00062 (AKT2-GFP-pcDNA vs untransfected), P = 0.00051 (AKT2-GFP-pcDNA+SIRT5-HA-pcDNA vs AKT2-pcDNA); e SIRT5: P = 0.0021 and PGC-1α: P = 0.008 ( Akt2 KI vs WT); f p-AKT2 (S474): AKT2: P = 0.000832 and SIRT5: P = 0.03 ( PGC-1 α KO vs WT); g P = 0.0079 ( Sirt5 KO vs WT); h PGC-1α: P = 0.0252 and SIRT5: P = 0.0057 ( CFH (H/H) vs CFH (Y/Y)). Source Data is provided in the Source Data file.

Journal: Nature Communications

Article Title: The AKT2/SIRT5/TFEB pathway as a potential therapeutic target in non-neovascular AMD

doi: 10.1038/s41467-024-50500-z

Figure Lengend Snippet: a A hypothetical heterodimer of human AKT2/SIRT5 suggests a potential protein–protein interaction between these proteins. The ribbon structures of AKT2 and SIRT5 are colored orange and cyan, respectively. Residues related to the AKT2 and SIRT5 active sites are shown in yellow. The model suggests that both proteins have active sites with potential exposure to substrates and ligands, indicating that the AKT2/SIRT5 complex is catalytically active. b Co-immunoprecipitation study showing that SIRT5 and AKT2 are binding partners in SIRT5-HA-pcDNA and AKT2-GFP-pcDNA overexpressing ARPE19 cells, compared to untransfected controls upon pulldown with anti-IgG or anti-HA antibodies, respectively. n = 3. c Pulldown of AKT2 with anti-AKT2 antibody and subsequent incubation of the pulldown complex with TFEB (recombinant; rec) in vitro to evaluate phosphorylation of TFEB using the phospho-tag gel staining, showed increased p-TFEB/total TFEB in AKT2 overexpressing ARPE19 cells, compared to control. This TFEB phosphorylation was reduced when cells were overexpressing both AKT2 and SIRT5 or the AKT2 pull-down complex was incubated with an AKT2 inhibitor, indicating SIRT5 can modulate AKT2 activity and that AKT2 activity is critical in regulating TFEB phosphorylation. n (biological replicate) = 3. d Western blot showing that simultaneous transfection of AKT2 and SIRT5 pcDNAs could rescue the levels of p-TFEB (S211) in ARPE19 cells, relative to cells overexpressing only AKT2. AKT2 and SIRT5 overexpression in the ARPE19 cells was also confirmed by western blot. n (biological replicate) = 3. Western blot analysis showing reduced expression of SIRT5 and PGC-1α in RPE cells from e Akt2 KI, f PGC-1 α KO, and g Sirt5 KO mice, as well as h iPSC-derived RPE cells from CFH (H/H) donors, compared to controls. n = 4 (mice) and n = 3 (iPSC cells). All values are Mean ± S.D. ****P < 0.0001, ***P < 0.001, **P < 0.01, *P < 0.05. The statistical tests used in ( c and d ) is One-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s post-hoc test whereas in ( e – h ) is Student’s t-test (Two-sided). The exact p-values are c P = 0.00002 (AKT2-pcDNA vs IgG), P = 0.0001 (AKT2-pcDNA+SIRT5-HA-pcDNA vs AKT2-pcDNA), P = 0.0462 (AKT2-pcDNA+ AKT2 inhibitor vs AKT2-pcDNA); d P = 0.00062 (AKT2-GFP-pcDNA vs untransfected), P = 0.00051 (AKT2-GFP-pcDNA+SIRT5-HA-pcDNA vs AKT2-pcDNA); e SIRT5: P = 0.0021 and PGC-1α: P = 0.008 ( Akt2 KI vs WT); f p-AKT2 (S474): AKT2: P = 0.000832 and SIRT5: P = 0.03 ( PGC-1 α KO vs WT); g P = 0.0079 ( Sirt5 KO vs WT); h PGC-1α: P = 0.0252 and SIRT5: P = 0.0057 ( CFH (H/H) vs CFH (Y/Y)). Source Data is provided in the Source Data file.

Techniques: Immunoprecipitation, Binding Assay, Incubation, Recombinant, In Vitro, Phospho-proteomics, Staining, Control, Activity Assay, Western Blot, Transfection, Over Expression, Expressing, Derivative Assay

a Western blot showing elevated levels of FKBP51 and Snap23 in AKT2 overexpressing ARPE19 cells, which were reduced upon simultaneous upregulation of SIRT5 or overexpression of an AKT2 inactive mutant (K14A/R25E). n (biological replicate) = 4. b Immunofluorescence assay showing association of LC3-positive autophagosomes (green) with lysosomes (Lamp1-positive; red) in control ARPE19 cells (arrows in b ), which was significantly reduced upon AKT2 overexpression. Scale bar = 50 μm. n (biological replicate) = 8. c RNAseq analysis from RPE cells of 4-month-old WT and Akt2 KI mice showing differential expression of several autophagy-related genes. n = 3. d Western blot showing reduced expression of autophagy mediators ATG9B and ULK1, as well as upregulation of the autophagosome marker p62/SQSTM1 in Akt2 KI RPE cells, relative to WT. n (biological replicate) = 4. e Chromatin immunoprecipitation showing diminished binding of TFEB on Atg9b promoter region in Akt2 KI RPE cells, compared to WT. n (biological replicate) = 4. f Western blot showing reduced autophagy flux (Ratio of LC3-II/ Vinculin in BafA1 treated vs untreated) in Akt2 KI RPE explants compared to WT when treated with Bafilomycin A1 (BafA1; 1 μm) for 4 h. n (biological replicate) = 4. g ARPE19 cells were transfected with AKT2 construct for 48 h or left untreated (control), followed by an overnight infection with an Adenovirus-GFP-RFP-LC3B construct to label the autophagosomes (yellow) and autolysosomes (red). The number of autolysosomes (red puncta) was significantly decreased in AKT2 overexpressing cells (arrows in c ) when compared to controls, suggesting a decline in autophagy flux. Scale bar = 50 μm. n (biological replicate) = 4. h Transmission electron micrographs showing double membranous autophagosomes in the RPE cells of 15-month-old Akt2 KI mice, but not in age-matched WT. Scale bar = 600 nm. n = 5. All values are Mean ± S.D. ****P < 0.0001, ***P < 0.001, **P < 0.01, *P < 0.05. The statistical tests used in ( a , c, and f ) is One-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s post-hoc test whereas in ( b , d , g ) is Student’s t-test (Two-sided). The exact p-values are a FKBP51: P = 0.0007 (AKT2-GFP-pcDNA vs untr a nsfected), P = 0.0327 (AKT2-GFP-pcDNA+SIRT-HA-pcDNA vs AKT2-GFP-pcDNA), P = 0.0081 (AKT2(K14A/R25E)-GFP-pcDNA vs AKT2-GFP-pcDNA); b P = 1.598E-10 (AKT2-pcDNA vs Control); d ATG9B: P = 0.0139, p62: P = 0.0013, ULK1: P = 0.017; e P = 0.001 ( Akt2 KI vs WT); f P = 9.45202E-05 ( Akt2 KI vs WT); g Autophagosome: P = 0.0012, Autolysosome: P = 0.000082 (AKT2-pcDNA vs Control). Source Data is provided in the Source Data file.

Journal: Nature Communications

Article Title: The AKT2/SIRT5/TFEB pathway as a potential therapeutic target in non-neovascular AMD

doi: 10.1038/s41467-024-50500-z

Figure Lengend Snippet: a Western blot showing elevated levels of FKBP51 and Snap23 in AKT2 overexpressing ARPE19 cells, which were reduced upon simultaneous upregulation of SIRT5 or overexpression of an AKT2 inactive mutant (K14A/R25E). n (biological replicate) = 4. b Immunofluorescence assay showing association of LC3-positive autophagosomes (green) with lysosomes (Lamp1-positive; red) in control ARPE19 cells (arrows in b ), which was significantly reduced upon AKT2 overexpression. Scale bar = 50 μm. n (biological replicate) = 8. c RNAseq analysis from RPE cells of 4-month-old WT and Akt2 KI mice showing differential expression of several autophagy-related genes. n = 3. d Western blot showing reduced expression of autophagy mediators ATG9B and ULK1, as well as upregulation of the autophagosome marker p62/SQSTM1 in Akt2 KI RPE cells, relative to WT. n (biological replicate) = 4. e Chromatin immunoprecipitation showing diminished binding of TFEB on Atg9b promoter region in Akt2 KI RPE cells, compared to WT. n (biological replicate) = 4. f Western blot showing reduced autophagy flux (Ratio of LC3-II/ Vinculin in BafA1 treated vs untreated) in Akt2 KI RPE explants compared to WT when treated with Bafilomycin A1 (BafA1; 1 μm) for 4 h. n (biological replicate) = 4. g ARPE19 cells were transfected with AKT2 construct for 48 h or left untreated (control), followed by an overnight infection with an Adenovirus-GFP-RFP-LC3B construct to label the autophagosomes (yellow) and autolysosomes (red). The number of autolysosomes (red puncta) was significantly decreased in AKT2 overexpressing cells (arrows in c ) when compared to controls, suggesting a decline in autophagy flux. Scale bar = 50 μm. n (biological replicate) = 4. h Transmission electron micrographs showing double membranous autophagosomes in the RPE cells of 15-month-old Akt2 KI mice, but not in age-matched WT. Scale bar = 600 nm. n = 5. All values are Mean ± S.D. ****P < 0.0001, ***P < 0.001, **P < 0.01, *P < 0.05. The statistical tests used in ( a , c, and f ) is One-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s post-hoc test whereas in ( b , d , g ) is Student’s t-test (Two-sided). The exact p-values are a FKBP51: P = 0.0007 (AKT2-GFP-pcDNA vs untr a nsfected), P = 0.0327 (AKT2-GFP-pcDNA+SIRT-HA-pcDNA vs AKT2-GFP-pcDNA), P = 0.0081 (AKT2(K14A/R25E)-GFP-pcDNA vs AKT2-GFP-pcDNA); b P = 1.598E-10 (AKT2-pcDNA vs Control); d ATG9B: P = 0.0139, p62: P = 0.0013, ULK1: P = 0.017; e P = 0.001 ( Akt2 KI vs WT); f P = 9.45202E-05 ( Akt2 KI vs WT); g Autophagosome: P = 0.0012, Autolysosome: P = 0.000082 (AKT2-pcDNA vs Control). Source Data is provided in the Source Data file.

Techniques: Western Blot, Over Expression, Mutagenesis, Immunofluorescence, Control, Quantitative Proteomics, Expressing, Marker, Chromatin Immunoprecipitation, Binding Assay, Transfection, Construct, Infection, Transmission Assay

a Western blot analysis showing that in iPSC-derived RPE cells from CFH (H/H) risk allele-containing donors, overexpression of mutant TFEB-S467A construct (10 6 vg/ml for 48 h) or b correction with CFH I62V mutation or c treatment with trehalose (100 mM for 20 h) rescued the levels of the lysosomal hydrolases Cathepsin D, Cathepsin L and the autophagosome mediator ATG9B, compared to untreated CFH (H/H) cells. n (biological replicate) = 3 (TFEB-S467A and trehalose groups), n (biological replicate) = 6 ( CFH I62V rescue). d , e Cathepsin D and cathepsin L activities also showed significant rescue upon TFEB-S467A infection, I62V correction, or trehalose treatment to CFH (H/H) cells. n (biological replicate) = 3. f Trehalose (100 mM for 48 h) or AKT2 inhibitor (10 nM for 48 h) treatment to iPSC-derived RPE cells from CFH (H/H) donors incubated with CCHS (5% for 48 h) or g , h iPSC-derived RPE cells from human AMD donors with CFH (H/H) genotype, rescued the levels of Lamp1 and cathepsin D, compared to untreated CFH (H/H)+CCHS or CFH (H/H; from AMD donors) cells. n (biological replicate) = 3. All values are Mean ± S.D. *P < 0.05, ****P < 0.0001, ***P < 0.008, **P < 0.01, *P < 0.05. The statistical tests used in ( a , c , d – h ) is One-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s post-hoc test, and in ( b ) is Student’s t-test (Two-sided). The exact p-values are a ATG9B: P = 0.0167, CTSD: P = 0.0234, CTSL: P = 0.0006 (CFH (H/H)+WT TFEB vs CFH (Y/Y)), ATG9B: P = 0.0085, CTSD: P = 0.0235, CTSL: 0.0012 (CFH (H/H)+TFEB-S467A vs CFH (H/H)+WT TFEB); b CTSD: P = 0.0067, CTSL: P = 0.007 (CFH (H/H)+I62V vs CFH (H/H)); c ATG9B: P = 0.00002, CTSD: P = 0.00001 ( CFH (H/H) vs CFH (Y/Y)) and ATG9B: P = 0.0020, CTSD: 0.00003 ( CFH (H/H)+Tre vs CFH (H/H)). d P = 0.00001 ( CFH (H/H) vs CFH (Y/Y)), P = 0.00003 ( CFH (H/H)+AAV2-WT TFEB vs CFH (Y/Y)), P = 0.00225 ( CFH (H/H)+AAV2-TFEB-S467A vs CFH (H/H)+AAV2-WT TFEB), P = 0.00037 ( CFH (H/H)+I62V vs CFH (H/H)), P = 0.00191 ( CFH (H/H)+Tre vs CFH (H/H)); e P = 0.00001 ( CFH (H/H) vs CFH (Y/Y)), P = 0.000001 ( CFH (H/H)+AAV2-WT TFEB vs CFH (Y/Y)), P = 0.00002 ( CFH (H/H)+AAV2-TFEB-S467A vs CFH (H/H)+AAV2-WT TFEB), P = 0.00008 ( CFH (H/H)+I62V vs CFH (H/H)), P = 0.00001 ( CFH (H/H)+Tre vs CFH (H/H)). f CTSD: P = 0.0401 ( CFH (Y/Y)+CCHS vs CFH (Y/Y)+CIHS), P = 0.0478 ( CFH (H/H)+CCHS vs CFH (Y/Y)+CIHS), P = 0.0011 ( CFH (H/H)+CCHS+Tre vs CFH (H/H)+CCHS), LAMP1: P = 0.049 ( CFH (Y/Y)+CCHS vs CFH (Y/Y)+CIHS), P = 0.0003 ( CFH (H/H)+CCHS+Tre vs CFH (H/H)+CCHS). g CTSD: P = 0.0031, Lamp1: P = 0.0452 ( CFH (H/H)+Tre vs CFH (H/H)); h CTSD: P = 0.0263, Lamp1: P = 0.0491 (CFH (H/H)+Akt2 inhibitor vs CFH (H/H)). Source Data is provided in the Source Data file.

Journal: Nature Communications

Article Title: The AKT2/SIRT5/TFEB pathway as a potential therapeutic target in non-neovascular AMD

doi: 10.1038/s41467-024-50500-z

Figure Lengend Snippet: a Western blot analysis showing that in iPSC-derived RPE cells from CFH (H/H) risk allele-containing donors, overexpression of mutant TFEB-S467A construct (10 6 vg/ml for 48 h) or b correction with CFH I62V mutation or c treatment with trehalose (100 mM for 20 h) rescued the levels of the lysosomal hydrolases Cathepsin D, Cathepsin L and the autophagosome mediator ATG9B, compared to untreated CFH (H/H) cells. n (biological replicate) = 3 (TFEB-S467A and trehalose groups), n (biological replicate) = 6 ( CFH I62V rescue). d , e Cathepsin D and cathepsin L activities also showed significant rescue upon TFEB-S467A infection, I62V correction, or trehalose treatment to CFH (H/H) cells. n (biological replicate) = 3. f Trehalose (100 mM for 48 h) or AKT2 inhibitor (10 nM for 48 h) treatment to iPSC-derived RPE cells from CFH (H/H) donors incubated with CCHS (5% for 48 h) or g , h iPSC-derived RPE cells from human AMD donors with CFH (H/H) genotype, rescued the levels of Lamp1 and cathepsin D, compared to untreated CFH (H/H)+CCHS or CFH (H/H; from AMD donors) cells. n (biological replicate) = 3. All values are Mean ± S.D. *P < 0.05, ****P < 0.0001, ***P < 0.008, **P < 0.01, *P < 0.05. The statistical tests used in ( a , c , d – h ) is One-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s post-hoc test, and in ( b ) is Student’s t-test (Two-sided). The exact p-values are a ATG9B: P = 0.0167, CTSD: P = 0.0234, CTSL: P = 0.0006 (CFH (H/H)+WT TFEB vs CFH (Y/Y)), ATG9B: P = 0.0085, CTSD: P = 0.0235, CTSL: 0.0012 (CFH (H/H)+TFEB-S467A vs CFH (H/H)+WT TFEB); b CTSD: P = 0.0067, CTSL: P = 0.007 (CFH (H/H)+I62V vs CFH (H/H)); c ATG9B: P = 0.00002, CTSD: P = 0.00001 ( CFH (H/H) vs CFH (Y/Y)) and ATG9B: P = 0.0020, CTSD: 0.00003 ( CFH (H/H)+Tre vs CFH (H/H)). d P = 0.00001 ( CFH (H/H) vs CFH (Y/Y)), P = 0.00003 ( CFH (H/H)+AAV2-WT TFEB vs CFH (Y/Y)), P = 0.00225 ( CFH (H/H)+AAV2-TFEB-S467A vs CFH (H/H)+AAV2-WT TFEB), P = 0.00037 ( CFH (H/H)+I62V vs CFH (H/H)), P = 0.00191 ( CFH (H/H)+Tre vs CFH (H/H)); e P = 0.00001 ( CFH (H/H) vs CFH (Y/Y)), P = 0.000001 ( CFH (H/H)+AAV2-WT TFEB vs CFH (Y/Y)), P = 0.00002 ( CFH (H/H)+AAV2-TFEB-S467A vs CFH (H/H)+AAV2-WT TFEB), P = 0.00008 ( CFH (H/H)+I62V vs CFH (H/H)), P = 0.00001 ( CFH (H/H)+Tre vs CFH (H/H)). f CTSD: P = 0.0401 ( CFH (Y/Y)+CCHS vs CFH (Y/Y)+CIHS), P = 0.0478 ( CFH (H/H)+CCHS vs CFH (Y/Y)+CIHS), P = 0.0011 ( CFH (H/H)+CCHS+Tre vs CFH (H/H)+CCHS), LAMP1: P = 0.049 ( CFH (Y/Y)+CCHS vs CFH (Y/Y)+CIHS), P = 0.0003 ( CFH (H/H)+CCHS+Tre vs CFH (H/H)+CCHS). g CTSD: P = 0.0031, Lamp1: P = 0.0452 ( CFH (H/H)+Tre vs CFH (H/H)); h CTSD: P = 0.0263, Lamp1: P = 0.0491 (CFH (H/H)+Akt2 inhibitor vs CFH (H/H)). Source Data is provided in the Source Data file.

Techniques: Western Blot, Derivative Assay, Over Expression, Mutagenesis, Construct, Infection, Incubation

RPE cells from 6-month-old Cryba1 cKO mice treated with trehalose for 3 consecutive months show significant rescue in the levels of a CLEAR network genes like Ctsd , Lamp1 and Atp6v0a1 , b cathepsin D (CTSD) activity and c protein levels of the autophagosome marker p62/SQSTM1, relative to RPE cells from vehicle (water) treated Cryba1 cKO mice. n (biological replicate) = 4. RPE cells from 6-month-old Akt2 KI mice treated with trehalose for 3 consecutive months showed statistically significant rescue of d protein levels of autophagosome marker p62/SQSTM1 and lysosomal hydrolase, CTSD as well as e CLEAR network gene ( Ctsd , Ctsb , Lamp1 , Atp6v0a1 ) expression, compared to vehicle-treated Akt2 KI mice. n (biological replicate) = 4. Trehalose treatment to Akt2 KI mice showed noticeable rescue in f CTSD and g CTSL activities relative to untreated Akt2 KI mice. n (biological replicate) = 4. Hematoxylin-eosin stained sections and quantification showing a decrease in ONL thickness in h Akt2 KI and i Cryba1 cKO mice, which was rescued upon trehalose treatment. Prevalence of a patchy RPE layer with the accumulation of drusen-like deposits (asterisks in i and inset) in Cryba1 cKO retina (vehicle control), with rescue by trehalose treatment. Scale bar = 100 μm (inset = 20 μm). n (biological replicate) = 5. j Created with BioRender.com released under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 4.0 International license https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/deed.en . Cartoon showing that AKT2 upregulation in RPE cells from Akt2 KI mice and CFH (H/H) iPSC-derived cells trigger deregulation of SIRT5/PGC-1α dependent lysosomal function. Trehalose and S467A TFEB mutant construct rescued the lysosomal abnormalities and delayed the progression of early RPE changes in a mouse model. All values are Mean ± S.D. ****P < 0.0001, ***P < 0.001, **P < 0.01, *P < 0.05. The statistical test used in ( a – i ) is One-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s post-hoc test. The exact p-values are a Ctsd : P = 0.0042, Lamp1 : P = 0.0010, Atp6v0a1 : P = 0.0062 ( Cryba1 cKO vs Cryba1 fl/fl ), Ctsd : P = 0.0129, Lamp1 : P = 0.0055, Atp6v0a1 : P = 0.0489 ( Cryba1 cKO+Trehalose vs Cryba1 cKO); b P = 0.00006 ( Cryba1 cKO vs Cryba1 fl/fl ), P = 0.0013 ( Cryba1 cKO+Trehalose vs Cryba1 cKO); c P = 0.0013 ( Cryba1 cKO vs Cryba1 fl/fl ), P = 0.0258 ( Cryba1 cKO+Trehalose vs Cryba1 cKO); d p62: P = 0.0037 and CTSD: P = 0.0461 ( Akt2 KI vs WT), p62: P = 0.0072 and CTSD: P = 0.0092 ( Akt2 KI+Trehalose vs Akt2 KI); e Ctsd : P = 0.00001, Ctsb : P = 0.00002, Lamp1 : P = 0.000035, Atp6v0a1 : P = 0.000029 ( Akt2 KI vs WT), Ctsd : P = 0.0020, Ctsb : P = 0.0005, Lamp1 : P = 0.0017, Atp6v0a1 : P = 0.0056 ( Akt2 KI+Trehalose vs Akt2 KI); f P = 0.00002 ( Akt2 KI vs WT), P = 0.000042 ( Akt2 KI+Trehalose vs Akt2 KI); g P = 0.000049 ( Akt2 KI vs WT), P = 0.00006 ( Akt2 KI+Trehalose vs Akt2 KI). h P = 0.00001 ( Akt2 KI vs WT), P = 0.0001 ( Akt2 KI+Trehalose vs Akt2 KI); i ONL thickness: P = 0.000027 ( Cryba1 cKO vs Cryba1 fl/fl ), P = 0.000019 ( Cryba1 cKO +Trehalose vs Cryba1 cKO), drusen-like deposits: P = 0.0005 ( Cryba1 cKO+Trehalose vs Cryba1 cKO; Student’s t-test). Source Data is provided in the Source Data file.

Journal: Nature Communications

Article Title: The AKT2/SIRT5/TFEB pathway as a potential therapeutic target in non-neovascular AMD

doi: 10.1038/s41467-024-50500-z

Figure Lengend Snippet: RPE cells from 6-month-old Cryba1 cKO mice treated with trehalose for 3 consecutive months show significant rescue in the levels of a CLEAR network genes like Ctsd , Lamp1 and Atp6v0a1 , b cathepsin D (CTSD) activity and c protein levels of the autophagosome marker p62/SQSTM1, relative to RPE cells from vehicle (water) treated Cryba1 cKO mice. n (biological replicate) = 4. RPE cells from 6-month-old Akt2 KI mice treated with trehalose for 3 consecutive months showed statistically significant rescue of d protein levels of autophagosome marker p62/SQSTM1 and lysosomal hydrolase, CTSD as well as e CLEAR network gene ( Ctsd , Ctsb , Lamp1 , Atp6v0a1 ) expression, compared to vehicle-treated Akt2 KI mice. n (biological replicate) = 4. Trehalose treatment to Akt2 KI mice showed noticeable rescue in f CTSD and g CTSL activities relative to untreated Akt2 KI mice. n (biological replicate) = 4. Hematoxylin-eosin stained sections and quantification showing a decrease in ONL thickness in h Akt2 KI and i Cryba1 cKO mice, which was rescued upon trehalose treatment. Prevalence of a patchy RPE layer with the accumulation of drusen-like deposits (asterisks in i and inset) in Cryba1 cKO retina (vehicle control), with rescue by trehalose treatment. Scale bar = 100 μm (inset = 20 μm). n (biological replicate) = 5. j Created with BioRender.com released under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 4.0 International license https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/deed.en . Cartoon showing that AKT2 upregulation in RPE cells from Akt2 KI mice and CFH (H/H) iPSC-derived cells trigger deregulation of SIRT5/PGC-1α dependent lysosomal function. Trehalose and S467A TFEB mutant construct rescued the lysosomal abnormalities and delayed the progression of early RPE changes in a mouse model. All values are Mean ± S.D. ****P < 0.0001, ***P < 0.001, **P < 0.01, *P < 0.05. The statistical test used in ( a – i ) is One-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s post-hoc test. The exact p-values are a Ctsd : P = 0.0042, Lamp1 : P = 0.0010, Atp6v0a1 : P = 0.0062 ( Cryba1 cKO vs Cryba1 fl/fl ), Ctsd : P = 0.0129, Lamp1 : P = 0.0055, Atp6v0a1 : P = 0.0489 ( Cryba1 cKO+Trehalose vs Cryba1 cKO); b P = 0.00006 ( Cryba1 cKO vs Cryba1 fl/fl ), P = 0.0013 ( Cryba1 cKO+Trehalose vs Cryba1 cKO); c P = 0.0013 ( Cryba1 cKO vs Cryba1 fl/fl ), P = 0.0258 ( Cryba1 cKO+Trehalose vs Cryba1 cKO); d p62: P = 0.0037 and CTSD: P = 0.0461 ( Akt2 KI vs WT), p62: P = 0.0072 and CTSD: P = 0.0092 ( Akt2 KI+Trehalose vs Akt2 KI); e Ctsd : P = 0.00001, Ctsb : P = 0.00002, Lamp1 : P = 0.000035, Atp6v0a1 : P = 0.000029 ( Akt2 KI vs WT), Ctsd : P = 0.0020, Ctsb : P = 0.0005, Lamp1 : P = 0.0017, Atp6v0a1 : P = 0.0056 ( Akt2 KI+Trehalose vs Akt2 KI); f P = 0.00002 ( Akt2 KI vs WT), P = 0.000042 ( Akt2 KI+Trehalose vs Akt2 KI); g P = 0.000049 ( Akt2 KI vs WT), P = 0.00006 ( Akt2 KI+Trehalose vs Akt2 KI). h P = 0.00001 ( Akt2 KI vs WT), P = 0.0001 ( Akt2 KI+Trehalose vs Akt2 KI); i ONL thickness: P = 0.000027 ( Cryba1 cKO vs Cryba1 fl/fl ), P = 0.000019 ( Cryba1 cKO +Trehalose vs Cryba1 cKO), drusen-like deposits: P = 0.0005 ( Cryba1 cKO+Trehalose vs Cryba1 cKO; Student’s t-test). Source Data is provided in the Source Data file.

Techniques: Activity Assay, Marker, Expressing, Staining, Control, Derivative Assay, Mutagenesis, Construct

C9orf72 -linked poly-GR and poly-PR inhibit the formation of autophagosomes under starvation condition. (A, B) HEK 293 cells were transfected with 0.1, 0.5 or 3.5 μg GFP-GR∗30, GFP-PR∗30 or GFP tag. After 48 h, the cells were incubated with Earle's balanced salt solution (EBSS) for 1 h, and cell lysates were subjected to immunoblot analysis using antibodies against GAPDH and LC3. Quantification of the relative intensity of LC3-II to GAPDH. Data from three independent experiments are represented as means ± SEM, ns, not significantly different; ∗∗ P < 0.01, one-way ANOVA. NT indicates no transfection. (C, D) HEK 293 cells were transfected with GFP, GFP-GR∗30 or GFP-PR∗30, along with mCherry-LC3 or mCherry-GABARAPL1. After 24 h, the cells were incubated with EBSS or normal culture medium for 1 h and visualized using fluorescence microscopy. Scale bar, 10 μm. Insets were higher magnifications of the dashed box area. Scale bars, 2 μm. (E) Experimental design of assessing autophagy level in mouse model. (F) C57BL/6 mice at 4 months were injected in vivo -jetPEI mixed with or without GFP-PR∗30 in right lateral cerebral ventricle. Mice were sacrificed after 21 days and the brain lysates were subjected to immunoblot analysis using antibodies against GFP, Tubulin and LC3 ( n = 3 animals per group). (G) Quantification of the relative intensity of LC3-II to Tubulin in F. Data from three independent experiments are represented as means ± SD; ∗∗ P < 0.01, one-way ANOVA. (H) C57BL/6 mice at 2 months or 3 months were injected with or without AAV-GFP-GR∗30 in right lateral cerebral ventricle. Mice were sacrificed after 21 days and the brain lysates were subjected to immunoblot analysis using antibodies against GFP, Tubulin and LC3 ( n = 3 animals per group). (I) Quantification of the relative intensity of LC3-II to Tubulin in (H). Data from three independent experiments are represented as means ± SD; ∗∗ P < 0.01, one-way ANOVA. (J) C57BL/6 mice at 2 months were injected with BafiA1 (40 or 70 or 100 nmol). Mice were sacrificed after 24 h and subjected to immunostaining analysis using antibodies against LC3 ( n = 3 animals per group), yellow arrows indicate LC3-positive autophagosomes. (K) C57BL/6 mice at 2 months were injected with or without AAV-GFP-GR∗30 in right lateral cerebral ventricle and injected with 100 nmol BafiA1 after 20 days. Mice were sacrificed after 24 h and subjected to immunostaining analysis using antibodies against LC3 ( n = 3 animals per group), yellow arrows indicate LC3-positive autophagosomes. Scale bar, 10 μm. Insets were higher magnifications of the dashed box area. Scale bars, 5 μm.

Journal: Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. B

Article Title: ALS-linked C9orf72 dipeptide repeats inhibit starvation-induced autophagy through modulating BCL2–BECN1 interaction

doi: 10.1016/j.apsb.2024.02.004

Figure Lengend Snippet: C9orf72 -linked poly-GR and poly-PR inhibit the formation of autophagosomes under starvation condition. (A, B) HEK 293 cells were transfected with 0.1, 0.5 or 3.5 μg GFP-GR∗30, GFP-PR∗30 or GFP tag. After 48 h, the cells were incubated with Earle's balanced salt solution (EBSS) for 1 h, and cell lysates were subjected to immunoblot analysis using antibodies against GAPDH and LC3. Quantification of the relative intensity of LC3-II to GAPDH. Data from three independent experiments are represented as means ± SEM, ns, not significantly different; ∗∗ P < 0.01, one-way ANOVA. NT indicates no transfection. (C, D) HEK 293 cells were transfected with GFP, GFP-GR∗30 or GFP-PR∗30, along with mCherry-LC3 or mCherry-GABARAPL1. After 24 h, the cells were incubated with EBSS or normal culture medium for 1 h and visualized using fluorescence microscopy. Scale bar, 10 μm. Insets were higher magnifications of the dashed box area. Scale bars, 2 μm. (E) Experimental design of assessing autophagy level in mouse model. (F) C57BL/6 mice at 4 months were injected in vivo -jetPEI mixed with or without GFP-PR∗30 in right lateral cerebral ventricle. Mice were sacrificed after 21 days and the brain lysates were subjected to immunoblot analysis using antibodies against GFP, Tubulin and LC3 ( n = 3 animals per group). (G) Quantification of the relative intensity of LC3-II to Tubulin in F. Data from three independent experiments are represented as means ± SD; ∗∗ P < 0.01, one-way ANOVA. (H) C57BL/6 mice at 2 months or 3 months were injected with or without AAV-GFP-GR∗30 in right lateral cerebral ventricle. Mice were sacrificed after 21 days and the brain lysates were subjected to immunoblot analysis using antibodies against GFP, Tubulin and LC3 ( n = 3 animals per group). (I) Quantification of the relative intensity of LC3-II to Tubulin in (H). Data from three independent experiments are represented as means ± SD; ∗∗ P < 0.01, one-way ANOVA. (J) C57BL/6 mice at 2 months were injected with BafiA1 (40 or 70 or 100 nmol). Mice were sacrificed after 24 h and subjected to immunostaining analysis using antibodies against LC3 ( n = 3 animals per group), yellow arrows indicate LC3-positive autophagosomes. (K) C57BL/6 mice at 2 months were injected with or without AAV-GFP-GR∗30 in right lateral cerebral ventricle and injected with 100 nmol BafiA1 after 20 days. Mice were sacrificed after 24 h and subjected to immunostaining analysis using antibodies against LC3 ( n = 3 animals per group), yellow arrows indicate LC3-positive autophagosomes. Scale bar, 10 μm. Insets were higher magnifications of the dashed box area. Scale bars, 5 μm.

Article Snippet: GFP, GFP-TFEB, GFP-BCL2, GFP-LC3, GFP-Htt-60Q, GFP-Htt-150Q, GFP-BCL2, FLAG, FLAG-BECN1, mCherry, mCherry-GFP-LC3B, GFP-GAggagca (GA∗30), GFP-GRggaaga (GR∗30), GFP-PRccaaga (PR∗30), Flag-GAggagca (GA∗30), Flag-GRggaaga (GR∗30) and mCherry-PRccccgg (PR∗46) plasmids were described previously , , , , , , . mCherry-LC3B was a gift from Dr. David Rubinsztein (Addgene plasmid #40827). pMRX-IP-GFP-LC3-RFP-LC3ΔG was a gift from Dr. Mizushima (Addgene plasmid #84572).

Techniques: Transfection, Incubation, Western Blot, Fluorescence, Microscopy, Injection, In Vivo, Immunostaining

Poly-GR and poly-PR inhibit the autophagic clearance of poly-Q proteins. (A, B) HEK 293 cells were transfected with mCherry-GFP-LC3 and FLAG-GA∗30, FLAG-GR∗30 or FLAG tag. After 24 h, the cells were incubated with normal culture medium or EBSS for 1 h. Cells were visualized using confocal microscopy. Scale bars, 10 μm. Insets were higher magnifications of the dashed box area. Scale bars, 2 μm. The quantitative data of yellow dots (autophagosomes) or red dots (autolysosomes) are shown in (B). Data from three independent experiments represented as means ± SEM; ∗∗∗ P < 0.001, one-way ANOVA. (C) HEK 293 cells were transfected with GFP-Htt-60Q or GFP-Htt-150Q, along with FLAG-GA∗30, FLAG-GR∗30, mCherry-PR∗46 or FLAG tag (Mock). After 12 h, the cells were incubated with normal culture medium or EBSS for 1 h. Then the cells were visualized using fluorescence microscopy. The quantitative data of poly-Q aggregates from three independent experiments are represented as means ± SEM; ns, not significantly different; ∗∗ P < 0.01, one-way ANOVA. (D) Mouse embryonic fibroblast (MEF) cells or ATG5 KO MEF cells were similarly transfected with GFP-Htt-60Q, along with FLAG-GA∗30, FLAG-GR∗30, mCherry-PR∗46 or FLAG tag (Mock). Cells processed as in (C). The quantification data of poly-Q aggregates are shown as means ± SEM; ns, not significantly different; ∗∗ P < 0.01, one-way ANOV. (E) HEK 293 cells were transfected with GFP-LC3-RFP-LC3ΔG and FLAG-GA∗30, FLAG-GR∗30, FLAG-PR∗30 or FLAG tag. After 48 h, the cells were incubated with normal culture medium or EBSS for 1 h. Then, cells were visualized using confocal microscopy. Scale bars, 10 μm. Insets were higher magnifications of the dashed box area. Scale bars, 2 μm. Statistical data from three independent experiments are represented as means ± SEM; ns, not significantly different; ∗∗ P < 0.01, one-way ANOVA.

Journal: Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. B

Article Title: ALS-linked C9orf72 dipeptide repeats inhibit starvation-induced autophagy through modulating BCL2–BECN1 interaction

doi: 10.1016/j.apsb.2024.02.004

Figure Lengend Snippet: Poly-GR and poly-PR inhibit the autophagic clearance of poly-Q proteins. (A, B) HEK 293 cells were transfected with mCherry-GFP-LC3 and FLAG-GA∗30, FLAG-GR∗30 or FLAG tag. After 24 h, the cells were incubated with normal culture medium or EBSS for 1 h. Cells were visualized using confocal microscopy. Scale bars, 10 μm. Insets were higher magnifications of the dashed box area. Scale bars, 2 μm. The quantitative data of yellow dots (autophagosomes) or red dots (autolysosomes) are shown in (B). Data from three independent experiments represented as means ± SEM; ∗∗∗ P < 0.001, one-way ANOVA. (C) HEK 293 cells were transfected with GFP-Htt-60Q or GFP-Htt-150Q, along with FLAG-GA∗30, FLAG-GR∗30, mCherry-PR∗46 or FLAG tag (Mock). After 12 h, the cells were incubated with normal culture medium or EBSS for 1 h. Then the cells were visualized using fluorescence microscopy. The quantitative data of poly-Q aggregates from three independent experiments are represented as means ± SEM; ns, not significantly different; ∗∗ P < 0.01, one-way ANOVA. (D) Mouse embryonic fibroblast (MEF) cells or ATG5 KO MEF cells were similarly transfected with GFP-Htt-60Q, along with FLAG-GA∗30, FLAG-GR∗30, mCherry-PR∗46 or FLAG tag (Mock). Cells processed as in (C). The quantification data of poly-Q aggregates are shown as means ± SEM; ns, not significantly different; ∗∗ P < 0.01, one-way ANOV. (E) HEK 293 cells were transfected with GFP-LC3-RFP-LC3ΔG and FLAG-GA∗30, FLAG-GR∗30, FLAG-PR∗30 or FLAG tag. After 48 h, the cells were incubated with normal culture medium or EBSS for 1 h. Then, cells were visualized using confocal microscopy. Scale bars, 10 μm. Insets were higher magnifications of the dashed box area. Scale bars, 2 μm. Statistical data from three independent experiments are represented as means ± SEM; ns, not significantly different; ∗∗ P < 0.01, one-way ANOVA.

Techniques: Transfection, FLAG-tag, Incubation, Confocal Microscopy, Fluorescence, Microscopy

Poly-PR inhibits the initiation of autophagosomal biogenesis. (A) HEK 293 cells were transfected with ATG9-GFP and mCherry-PR∗46 or mCherry tag (Mock). After 48 h, the cells were treated with EBSS for 1 h. Then, cells were visualized using confocal microscopy. Scale bar, 10 μm. (B) HEK 293 cells were transfected with DFCP1-GFP and mCherry-PR∗46 or mCherry tag (Mock). After 48 h, the cells were starved for 1 h with EBSS. Then, cells were visualized using confocal microscopy. Scale bar, 10 μm. Insets were higher magnifications of the dashed box area. Scale bars, 2 μm. (C) The number of DFCP1 dots per cell in (B) was counted, and 20–30 cells in each group from three independent experiments were statistically analyzed. Data are represented as means ± SEM; ns, not significantly different; ∗∗ P < 0.01, one-way ANOVA. (D) HEK 293 cells were transfected with ATG16-mCherry and GFP-PR∗30 or GFP tag (Mock). After 48 h, the cells were incubated with normal culture medium or EBSS for 1 h. Then, cells were visualized using confocal microscopy. Scale bar, 10 μm. Insets were higher magnifications of the dashed box area. Scale bars, 2 μm. (E) The number of ATG16 dots per cell was counted, and 20–30 cells in each group from three independent experiments were statistically analyzed. Data are represented as means ± SEM; ns, not significantly different; ∗∗ P < 0.01, one-way ANOVA. (F) HEK 293 cells were transfected with ATG5-GFP and mCherry-PR∗46 or mCherry tag (Mock). After 48 h, the cells were incubated with normal culture medium or EBSS for 1 h Then, the cells were visualized using confocal microscopy. Scale bar, 10 μm. Insets were higher magnifications of the dashed box area. Scale bars, 2 μm. (G) The number of ATG5 dots per cell was counted, and 20–30 cells in each group from three independent experiments were statistically analyzed. Data are represented as means ± SEM; ns, not significantly different; ∗∗ P < 0.01, one-way ANOVA.

Journal: Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. B

Article Title: ALS-linked C9orf72 dipeptide repeats inhibit starvation-induced autophagy through modulating BCL2–BECN1 interaction

doi: 10.1016/j.apsb.2024.02.004

Figure Lengend Snippet: Poly-PR inhibits the initiation of autophagosomal biogenesis. (A) HEK 293 cells were transfected with ATG9-GFP and mCherry-PR∗46 or mCherry tag (Mock). After 48 h, the cells were treated with EBSS for 1 h. Then, cells were visualized using confocal microscopy. Scale bar, 10 μm. (B) HEK 293 cells were transfected with DFCP1-GFP and mCherry-PR∗46 or mCherry tag (Mock). After 48 h, the cells were starved for 1 h with EBSS. Then, cells were visualized using confocal microscopy. Scale bar, 10 μm. Insets were higher magnifications of the dashed box area. Scale bars, 2 μm. (C) The number of DFCP1 dots per cell in (B) was counted, and 20–30 cells in each group from three independent experiments were statistically analyzed. Data are represented as means ± SEM; ns, not significantly different; ∗∗ P < 0.01, one-way ANOVA. (D) HEK 293 cells were transfected with ATG16-mCherry and GFP-PR∗30 or GFP tag (Mock). After 48 h, the cells were incubated with normal culture medium or EBSS for 1 h. Then, cells were visualized using confocal microscopy. Scale bar, 10 μm. Insets were higher magnifications of the dashed box area. Scale bars, 2 μm. (E) The number of ATG16 dots per cell was counted, and 20–30 cells in each group from three independent experiments were statistically analyzed. Data are represented as means ± SEM; ns, not significantly different; ∗∗ P < 0.01, one-way ANOVA. (F) HEK 293 cells were transfected with ATG5-GFP and mCherry-PR∗46 or mCherry tag (Mock). After 48 h, the cells were incubated with normal culture medium or EBSS for 1 h Then, the cells were visualized using confocal microscopy. Scale bar, 10 μm. Insets were higher magnifications of the dashed box area. Scale bars, 2 μm. (G) The number of ATG5 dots per cell was counted, and 20–30 cells in each group from three independent experiments were statistically analyzed. Data are represented as means ± SEM; ns, not significantly different; ∗∗ P < 0.01, one-way ANOVA.

Techniques: Transfection, Confocal Microscopy, Incubation

Poly-PR inhibits the autophagy by promoting the interaction between BECN1 and BCL2. (A, B) HEK 293 cells were transfected with GR∗30, PR∗46 or empty tag (Mock). After 48 h, cells lysates were subjected to immunoblot analysis using antibodies against BECN1 and GAPDH. The relative intensity of BECN1 to GAPDH are shown in (B). Data from three independent experiments are represented as means ± SEM; ns, not significantly different, one-way ANOVA. (C) HEK 293T cells were transfected with FLAG-BECN1 and GFP-BCL2 or GFP tag and mCherry-PR∗46 or mCherry tag. After 48 h, the supernatants of the cell lysates were used in immunoprecipitation assay using GFP antibody. Bound proteins were detected with GFP, FLAG and GAPDH antibodies. (D) HEK 293T cells were transfected with GFP-BCL2 and FLAG-BECN1 or FLAG tag and mCherry-PR∗46 or mCherry tag. After 48 h, the supernatants of the cell lysates were used in immunoprecipitation assay with FLAG antibody. Bound proteins were detected with GFP, FLAG and GAPDH antibodies. (E–G) HEK 293 cells were transfected with GFP-GR∗30, GFP-PR∗30 or GFP tag (Mock). After 48 h, cell lysates were subjected to immunoblot analysis using antibodies against phosphorylated BCL2 (S87) in (E) or phosphorylated BCL2 (S70) in (F), BCL2, LC3 and GAPDH. The relative intensity of phosphorylated BCL2 (S87) or (S70) to total BCL2 are shown in (G). Data from three independent experiments are represented as means ± SEM; ∗ P < 0.05; ∗∗ P < 0.01, one-way ANOVA. (H) HEK 293 cells were transfected with indicated siRNA for 48 h. Then the cells were re-transfected with mCherry-LC3 and GFP-PR∗30 or GFP tag. After 24 h, the cells were incubated with EBSS for 1 h. Then, cells were visualized using confocal microscope. Scale bars, 10 μm. Insets were higher magnifications of the dashed box area. Scale bars, 2 μm. (I) The number of LC3 dots per cell in (H) was counted, and 20–30 cells in each group from three independent experiments were statistically analyzed. Data are represented as means ± SEM; ns, not significantly different; ∗∗∗ P < 0.001, one-way ANOVA. (J, K) HEK 293 cells were similarly transfected and treated as in (H). Then, cells lysates were subjected to immunoblot analysis using antibodies against BECN1, LC3 and GAPDH. The relative intensity of LC3-II to GAPDH are shown in (K). Data from three independent experiments are represented as means ± SEM; ns, not significantly different; ∗∗ P < 0.01; ∗∗∗ P < 0.001, one-way ANOVA.

Journal: Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. B

Article Title: ALS-linked C9orf72 dipeptide repeats inhibit starvation-induced autophagy through modulating BCL2–BECN1 interaction

doi: 10.1016/j.apsb.2024.02.004

Figure Lengend Snippet: Poly-PR inhibits the autophagy by promoting the interaction between BECN1 and BCL2. (A, B) HEK 293 cells were transfected with GR∗30, PR∗46 or empty tag (Mock). After 48 h, cells lysates were subjected to immunoblot analysis using antibodies against BECN1 and GAPDH. The relative intensity of BECN1 to GAPDH are shown in (B). Data from three independent experiments are represented as means ± SEM; ns, not significantly different, one-way ANOVA. (C) HEK 293T cells were transfected with FLAG-BECN1 and GFP-BCL2 or GFP tag and mCherry-PR∗46 or mCherry tag. After 48 h, the supernatants of the cell lysates were used in immunoprecipitation assay using GFP antibody. Bound proteins were detected with GFP, FLAG and GAPDH antibodies. (D) HEK 293T cells were transfected with GFP-BCL2 and FLAG-BECN1 or FLAG tag and mCherry-PR∗46 or mCherry tag. After 48 h, the supernatants of the cell lysates were used in immunoprecipitation assay with FLAG antibody. Bound proteins were detected with GFP, FLAG and GAPDH antibodies. (E–G) HEK 293 cells were transfected with GFP-GR∗30, GFP-PR∗30 or GFP tag (Mock). After 48 h, cell lysates were subjected to immunoblot analysis using antibodies against phosphorylated BCL2 (S87) in (E) or phosphorylated BCL2 (S70) in (F), BCL2, LC3 and GAPDH. The relative intensity of phosphorylated BCL2 (S87) or (S70) to total BCL2 are shown in (G). Data from three independent experiments are represented as means ± SEM; ∗ P < 0.05; ∗∗ P < 0.01, one-way ANOVA. (H) HEK 293 cells were transfected with indicated siRNA for 48 h. Then the cells were re-transfected with mCherry-LC3 and GFP-PR∗30 or GFP tag. After 24 h, the cells were incubated with EBSS for 1 h. Then, cells were visualized using confocal microscope. Scale bars, 10 μm. Insets were higher magnifications of the dashed box area. Scale bars, 2 μm. (I) The number of LC3 dots per cell in (H) was counted, and 20–30 cells in each group from three independent experiments were statistically analyzed. Data are represented as means ± SEM; ns, not significantly different; ∗∗∗ P < 0.001, one-way ANOVA. (J, K) HEK 293 cells were similarly transfected and treated as in (H). Then, cells lysates were subjected to immunoblot analysis using antibodies against BECN1, LC3 and GAPDH. The relative intensity of LC3-II to GAPDH are shown in (K). Data from three independent experiments are represented as means ± SEM; ns, not significantly different; ∗∗ P < 0.01; ∗∗∗ P < 0.001, one-way ANOVA.

Techniques: Transfection, Western Blot, Immunoprecipitation, FLAG-tag, Incubation, Microscopy

SW063058 alleviates C9orf72 arginine-containing DPR-induced autophagy inhibition through specifically targeting to BCL2–BECN1 protein complex. (A) HEK 293 cells were transfected with mCherry-LC3 and GFP or GFP-PR∗30, and then the cells were pre-treated with SW063058 at indicated concentrations for 11 h. The cells were incubated with EBSS for 1 h and visualized using fluorescence microscope. Scale bars, 10 μm. Insets were higher magnifications of the dashed box area. Scale bars, 2 μm. (B) The number of LC3 dots per cell in (A) was counted, and 20–30 cells in each group from three independent experiments were statistically analyzed. Data are represented as means ± SEM; ns, not significantly different; ∗∗∗ P < 0.001, one-way ANOVA. (C) HEK 293 cells were similarly transfected and treated as (A). The cell lysates were subjected to immunoblot with indicated antibodies. (D) The relative intensities in C from three independent experiments were presented as means ± SD; ns, not significantly different; ∗ P < 0.05, one-way ANOVA. (E) HEK 293 cells were transfected with indicated plasmids and treated with 10 μmol/L SW063058 for 12 h. The supernatants of the cell lysates were used in immunoprecipitation assay using anti-FLAG antibody. ∗ indicates IgG heave chains. Right region: schematic model illustrating the disruption of the interaction between BECN1 and BCL2 by SW063058.

Journal: Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. B

Article Title: ALS-linked C9orf72 dipeptide repeats inhibit starvation-induced autophagy through modulating BCL2–BECN1 interaction

doi: 10.1016/j.apsb.2024.02.004

Figure Lengend Snippet: SW063058 alleviates C9orf72 arginine-containing DPR-induced autophagy inhibition through specifically targeting to BCL2–BECN1 protein complex. (A) HEK 293 cells were transfected with mCherry-LC3 and GFP or GFP-PR∗30, and then the cells were pre-treated with SW063058 at indicated concentrations for 11 h. The cells were incubated with EBSS for 1 h and visualized using fluorescence microscope. Scale bars, 10 μm. Insets were higher magnifications of the dashed box area. Scale bars, 2 μm. (B) The number of LC3 dots per cell in (A) was counted, and 20–30 cells in each group from three independent experiments were statistically analyzed. Data are represented as means ± SEM; ns, not significantly different; ∗∗∗ P < 0.001, one-way ANOVA. (C) HEK 293 cells were similarly transfected and treated as (A). The cell lysates were subjected to immunoblot with indicated antibodies. (D) The relative intensities in C from three independent experiments were presented as means ± SD; ns, not significantly different; ∗ P < 0.05, one-way ANOVA. (E) HEK 293 cells were transfected with indicated plasmids and treated with 10 μmol/L SW063058 for 12 h. The supernatants of the cell lysates were used in immunoprecipitation assay using anti-FLAG antibody. ∗ indicates IgG heave chains. Right region: schematic model illustrating the disruption of the interaction between BECN1 and BCL2 by SW063058.

Techniques: Inhibition, Transfection, Incubation, Fluorescence, Microscopy, Western Blot, Immunoprecipitation, Disruption

C9orf72 arginine-containing DPRs impede neuronal autophagy. (A) Mouse cortical neurons (DIV 7) were transfected with mCherry-LC3 and GFP or GFP-PR∗30, and then were pre-treated with SW063058 for 4 h. The neurons were incubated with EBSS for 8 h prior to immunofluorescent assay with anti-MAP2 antibody (magenta) and Hoechst (cyan). Scale bars, 10 μm. Insets were higher magnifications of the dashed box area. Scale bars, 2 μm. (B) The number of LC3 dots in soma per neuron in (A) was counted, and 20 neurons in each group from three independent experiments were statistically analyzed. Data are represented as mean ± SEM; ∗∗ P < 0.01; ∗∗∗ P < 0.001, one-way ANOVA. (C) Mouse cortical neurons (DIV 7) were transfected with GFP or GFP-PR∗30. Images of in situ PLA using rabbit anti-BECN1 and mouse anti-BCL2 antibodies. Blue: nuclei (DAPI); white dots: PLA positive puncta. Scale bars, 10 μm. (D) The number of PLA dots per neuron in (C) was counted, and 20 somas of neuron in each group from three independent experiments were statistically analyzed. Data are represented as mean ± SEM; ∗∗∗ P < 0.001, one-way ANOVA. (E) The schematic model of this study. BECN1–BCL2 interaction regulates autophagy in cells. DPRs significantly inhibit neuronal autophagy by enhancing the interactions of BECN1 and BCL2. A small molecule compound SW063058 disrupts BECN1–BCL2 interaction, thereby restoring autophagy in DPR-expressing neurons.

Journal: Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. B

Article Title: ALS-linked C9orf72 dipeptide repeats inhibit starvation-induced autophagy through modulating BCL2–BECN1 interaction

doi: 10.1016/j.apsb.2024.02.004

Figure Lengend Snippet: C9orf72 arginine-containing DPRs impede neuronal autophagy. (A) Mouse cortical neurons (DIV 7) were transfected with mCherry-LC3 and GFP or GFP-PR∗30, and then were pre-treated with SW063058 for 4 h. The neurons were incubated with EBSS for 8 h prior to immunofluorescent assay with anti-MAP2 antibody (magenta) and Hoechst (cyan). Scale bars, 10 μm. Insets were higher magnifications of the dashed box area. Scale bars, 2 μm. (B) The number of LC3 dots in soma per neuron in (A) was counted, and 20 neurons in each group from three independent experiments were statistically analyzed. Data are represented as mean ± SEM; ∗∗ P < 0.01; ∗∗∗ P < 0.001, one-way ANOVA. (C) Mouse cortical neurons (DIV 7) were transfected with GFP or GFP-PR∗30. Images of in situ PLA using rabbit anti-BECN1 and mouse anti-BCL2 antibodies. Blue: nuclei (DAPI); white dots: PLA positive puncta. Scale bars, 10 μm. (D) The number of PLA dots per neuron in (C) was counted, and 20 somas of neuron in each group from three independent experiments were statistically analyzed. Data are represented as mean ± SEM; ∗∗∗ P < 0.001, one-way ANOVA. (E) The schematic model of this study. BECN1–BCL2 interaction regulates autophagy in cells. DPRs significantly inhibit neuronal autophagy by enhancing the interactions of BECN1 and BCL2. A small molecule compound SW063058 disrupts BECN1–BCL2 interaction, thereby restoring autophagy in DPR-expressing neurons.

Techniques: Transfection, Incubation, In Situ, Expressing

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